Blog - How Far Do Mountain Bikers Travel?

If you've ever tried mountain biking, you'll know that many factors influence the amount of work you do in the saddle, such as riding speed, terrain and weather. But perhaps most important is the size of the hills you tackle.

The question that Dennis Rapaport, from Bar Ilan University in Israel, tackles today is how to quantify this factor. And it turns out that it's not so easy to work out.

The obvious way to start is to find some way of determining the cumulative vertical distance travelled during a bike ride. So Rapaport used both GPS and barometric measurements during a lengthy ride to find out how they compare.

His results are a little surprising. While both methods produce altitude measurements at specific waypoints during the ride, he says that the GPS data is much noisier with all kinds of spikes and troughs that are caused by momentary loss of satellite signals and other signal degradation. The effect of this noise is that the GPS method tends to overestimate the cumulative vertical distance travelled.

The barometric data deduces changes in height by measuring changes in atmospheric pressure (assuming that there is no change due to the weather). The device that Rapaport used is periodically calibrated using GPS but this happens only occasionally so the device is not so susceptible to noise. Rapaport believes that this gives a more accurate estimate.

There's a sting in the tail, however. The final vertical distance estimation depends crucially on the number of waypoint measurements during the trip. Any distance travelled in between is simply averaged. But how many measurements are necessary?

It turns out there's no easily definable answer, no standard length scale that ought to be used. "Estimating cumulative ascent is an ill-defined task," concludes Rapaport. The question has no unique answer.

The problem, of course, is analogous to measuring a coastline or any fractal quantity. "At best, a range of estimates can be obtained, hopefully one that is comparatively narrow," says Rapaport.

And that means that cyclists are destined to never know exactly how much vertical distance they travel.

Ref: arxiv.org/abs/1011.4778: Evaluating Cumulative Ascent: Mountain Biking Meets Mandelbrot

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Out of Many, One In-box

Smart phones allow multiple ways to connect with friends, from phone calls to Twitter messages, but each has its own app or in-box. Now the cell-phone manufacturer Nokia is experimenting with a universal in-box that puts messages and updates from separate apps in one location, so you can see everything at a glance.

The universal in-box looks superficially like a regular e-mail in-box. But the stream of recent messages can be a mixture of e-mails, text messages, call logs, tweets, Facebook updates, Flickr photos, and more.

Just last week, Facebook launched its Messages product?aka an "e-mail killer"?to combine e-mail with text messages and private Facebook messages. Smart phones can already receive messages sent over those and other communications channels, but the messages are stuck in separate app "silos." "The universal in-box brings together all those communications into one place so the user does not need to check separate apps," says Rafael Ballagas, a researcher at Nokia Research Center, in Palo Alto, California.

That makes it easier to track and carry out conversations that span different kinds of messaging. For example, it would be simple to see that someone responded to a Twitter update with a text message. It would also be possible to seamlessly switch methods of communication, and reply to a person's latest Facebook update by e-mailing them.

As a result, users can think less about the medium of communication, and more about the people they are contacting and what they want to say, says Tim Sohn, another researcher on the project. That's particularly valuable on a mobile device with a small screen, he says.

The universal in-box is made possible by cloud software running on a distant server. The software gathers up a person's messages from a device and connects with Web services such as Facebook. Processing these messages has to be done in the cloud to avoid overtaxing the limited computing and battery resources of a cell phone.

An additional feature called Lenses tames the potentially overwhelming volume of messages in a universal in-box. Each lens creates a kind of mini-in-box specific to a certain group of people or related to a particular topic. "You can create your own lenses for different points of interest, whether that's your high school friends or another community like your work contacts," says Sohn.

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FCC wants to let you send text messages to 911

Taking into account that 70 percent of calls to 911 are made through a mobile phone and that 72 percent of Americans text, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has decided to revamp the national emergency hotline to process SMS pleas for help. FCC's Chairman Julius Genachowski is calling for a Next-Generation 9-1-1 service, which falls under the FCC-drafted National Broadband Plan, that would allow Americans to send texts, photos, and videos to 911 from their mobile phone.

Genachowski pointed to the tragic Virginia Tech campus shootings in 2007 as an example where the technological limitations of 911 were a serious obstacle. Some witnesses tried to text 911 during the emergency but the messages never went through.

According to the FCC, Americans place 650,000 calls per day (more than 237 million calls a year) to 911. Modernizing the hotline would allow them to text for help in situations when calling might jeopardize their safety. Furthermore, photos and videos taken with a mobile phone could provide first responders with additional information to better assess a reported situation.

Expanding 911's communications platform would require the cooperation of numerous parties: local, state, and federal partners, as well as public safety, lawmakers, communications, broadband service providers and equipment manufacturers. In December, the FCC will lead a "Next-Generation 9-1-1 proceeding" to gauge the public's opinion.

The US is already planning on sending text messages about local, state, or national emergencies. This new 911 proposal would make the country's emergency system a two-way street.

"The Next Generation 9-1-1 Whats Next Project is an initiative of the U.S. Department of Transportation and is being carried out by the Transportation Safety Advancement Group (TSAG)," according to 911.gov. "The project draws on the expertise of public safety experts to identify and prioritize digital data, potentially available to first responders via the Next Generation 9-1-1 (NG9-1-1) system, which could best improve their safety and performance."

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New Rules Tell Insurers: Spend More On Care

The rules, intended to benefit consumers, vastly expand federal authority to direct the use of premiums collected by companies like Aetna, Humana, UnitedHealth and WellPoint. While some states have had such requirements, Monday?s announcement is the first such mandate by the federal government and grows out of the new national health care law.

?Millions of Americans will get better value for their health insurance premium dollar,? Kathleen Sebelius, the secretary of health and human services, said in issuing the rules.

Ms. Sebelius said the rules would protect nearly 75 million people: 10.6 million with individual policies, 24.2 million with small-group coverage and 40 million covered by large employers.

Starting next year, she said, insurers in the individual and small-group markets must spend at least 80 percent of their premium revenues on medical care and activities to improve the quality of care. Insurers in the large-group market must spend at least 85 percent of premium dollars for those purposes.

Insurers that do not meet the standards next year will have to pay rebates to consumers, starting in 2012. Ms. Sebelius estimated that up to nine million people could get rebates worth up to $1.4 billion. About 45 percent of people with individually purchased insurance are in health plans that do not meet the new standards, known as medical loss ratios, federal officials said.

At a news conference on Monday, administration officials repeatedly refused to respond to Republican attacks on the health care law. Nor would they discuss Republican calls to repeal the law, a centerpiece of President Obama?s domestic agenda.

?We are just trying to implement this regulation,? said Jay Angoff, the rules? chief author. He is director of the Department of Health and Human Services? Office of Consumer Information and Insurance Oversight.

He said most insurers should be able to meet the standards because ?their profitability and reserves are at an all-time high.?

However, state officials said the standards could destabilize insurance markets in some states. Specifically, they said they feared that some carriers would withdraw from the market in some states, resulting in fewer choices and less competition.

Under the rules, federal officials can lower the standard for up to three years in states where ?there is a reasonable likelihood that market destabilization, and thus harm to consumers, will occur.?

Mr. Angoff said that Georgia, Iowa, Maine and South Carolina had asked for such adjustments.

Joshua R. Raskin, a senior analyst at Barclays Capital, an investment bank, said, ?With these rules, the federal government will, for the first time, hold health insurance companies accountable for putting a minimum amount of premiums toward medical expenses.?

The rules allow special treatment for health plans that provide limited benefits at a more affordable price. At least 1.4 million people are enrolled in such ?mini-med? plans, which may cap coverage for one or more benefits at $5,000 or $10,000 a year ? or perhaps $25,000.

Employers offering such coverage had said they might end it because they could not meet the 80 percent standard next year.

Premiums are usually lower for mini-med plans than for regular insurance, and administrative costs may be high because these plans often cover employees with high turnover rates. As a result, administrative costs account for a higher share of premium revenues.

In addition, some consumer groups said mini-med plans had higher profit margins than traditional insurance.

?The administration has made a wise accommodation that will temporarily preserve this coverage, which is very important to many employees in the retail and restaurant industries,? said E. Neil Trautwein, a vice president of the National Retail Federation.

The dispensation for mini-med plans is for one year. The government will collect data on these plans next year and decide how to proceed in 2012 and 2013. ?In 2014, we anticipate that these mini-med policies will disappear and be replaced by more comprehensive health plans,? said Steven B. Larsen, a federal insurance regulator.

The rules generally follow recommendations from the National Association of Insurance Commissioners, which represents state regulators.

However, ?we have a difference of opinion? on one point, said Jane L. Cline, the insurance commissioner of West Virginia and president of the association.

State officials said Mr. Obama should allow states to phase in the requirements over several years, to avoid disruption of the individual or small-group insurance market. The White House said, ?The law allows adjustments of the medical loss ratio for the individual market in a state and does not apply to the small-group market.?

Consumers Union, the American Heart Association and Democratic members of Congress praised the rules.

Representative George Miller, Democrat of California, said the rules showed the folly of efforts to repeal the health care law.

?If Republicans succeed,? Mr. Miller said, ?they will be taking money right out of the pockets of millions of average Americans.?

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Out of Many, One In-box

Smart phones allow multiple ways to connect with friends, from phone calls to Twitter messages, but each has its own app or in-box. Now the cell-phone manufacturer Nokia is experimenting with a universal in-box that puts messages and updates from separate apps in one location, so you can see everything at a glance.

The universal in-box looks superficially like a regular e-mail in-box. But the stream of recent messages can be a mixture of e-mails, text messages, call logs, tweets, Facebook updates, Flickr photos, and more.

Just last week, Facebook launched its Messages product?aka an "e-mail killer"?to combine e-mail with text messages and private Facebook messages. Smart phones can already receive messages sent over those and other communications channels, but the messages are stuck in separate app "silos." "The universal in-box brings together all those communications into one place so the user does not need to check separate apps," says Rafael Ballagas, a researcher at Nokia Research Center, in Palo Alto, California.

That makes it easier to track and carry out conversations that span different kinds of messaging. For example, it would be simple to see that someone responded to a Twitter update with a text message. It would also be possible to seamlessly switch methods of communication, and reply to a person's latest Facebook update by e-mailing them.

As a result, users can think less about the medium of communication, and more about the people they are contacting and what they want to say, says Tim Sohn, another researcher on the project. That's particularly valuable on a mobile device with a small screen, he says.

The universal in-box is made possible by cloud software running on a distant server. The software gathers up a person's messages from a device and connects with Web services such as Facebook. Processing these messages has to be done in the cloud to avoid overtaxing the limited computing and battery resources of a cell phone.

An additional feature called Lenses tames the potentially overwhelming volume of messages in a universal in-box. Each lens creates a kind of mini-in-box specific to a certain group of people or related to a particular topic. "You can create your own lenses for different points of interest, whether that's your high school friends or another community like your work contacts," says Sohn.

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Blog - How Far Do Mountain Bikers Travel?

If you've ever tried mountain biking, you'll know that many factors influence the amount of work you do in the saddle, such as riding speed, terrain and weather. But perhaps most important is the size of the hills you tackle.

The question that Dennis Rapaport, from Bar Ilan University in Israel, tackles today is how to quantify this factor. And it turns out that it's not so easy to work out.

The obvious way to start is to find some way of determining the cumulative vertical distance travelled during a bike ride. So Rapaport used both GPS and barometric measurements during a lengthy ride to find out how they compare.

His results are a little surprising. While both methods produce altitude measurements at specific waypoints during the ride, he says that the GPS data is much noisier with all kinds of spikes and troughs that are caused by momentary loss of satellite signals and other signal degradation. The effect of this noise is that the GPS method tends to overestimate the cumulative vertical distance travelled.

The barometric data deduces changes in height by measuring changes in atmospheric pressure (assuming that there is no change due to the weather). The device that Rapaport used is periodically calibrated using GPS but this happens only occasionally so the device is not so susceptible to noise. Rapaport believes that this gives a more accurate estimate.

There's a sting in the tail, however. The final vertical distance estimation depends crucially on the number of waypoint measurements during the trip. Any distance travelled in between is simply averaged. But how many measurements are necessary?

It turns out there's no easily definable answer, no standard length scale that ought to be used. "Estimating cumulative ascent is an ill-defined task," concludes Rapaport. The question has no unique answer.

The problem, of course, is analogous to measuring a coastline or any fractal quantity. "At best, a range of estimates can be obtained, hopefully one that is comparatively narrow," says Rapaport.

And that means that cyclists are destined to never know exactly how much vertical distance they travel.

Ref: arxiv.org/abs/1011.4778: Evaluating Cumulative Ascent: Mountain Biking Meets Mandelbrot

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A Friend Request from Diaspora: We Accept, but we?re slightly disappointed. [TNW Social Media]

In April of this year, amid massive hell-raising over Facebook?s privacy settings, four NYU students thought they could make the online social experience better.

Their idea, Diaspora ?aims to be a distributed network, where totally separate computers connect to each other directly, will let us connect without surrendering our privacy. We call these computers ?seeds?. A seed is owned by you, hosted by you, or on a rented server.? Since Diaspora won?t have access to user data, they can?t infringe on users? privacy. In terms of the technical aspects behind this, we have our doubts.

They launched their idea on Kickstarter with a $10,000 goal to cover summer expenses to develop the app. It seemed like everyone was really, really excited for them to succeed, mostly because people were hating on Facebook so bad. By June 1st, Diaspora has raised a total of $200,647 collected from a total of 6,479 backers including Mark Zuckerberg himself.

Unlike Facebook, Diaspora runs on open-source software and doesn?t depend on centralized servers. It addresses a key feature that Facebook has neglected, which is contextual sharing. Diaspora lets you create ?aspects,? which are personal lists that let you group people according to the roles they play in your life such as family, friends and co-workers. According to the founders, they think that aspects are a simple, straightforward, lightweight way to make it really clear who is receiving your posts and who you are receiving posts from.

6 months of plug-ins, APIs and designing UIs later and the the alpha release has arrived. They released alpha invites yesterday, and we snagged one today.

You?ll notice the home page features a stream of your contacts? comments similar to Facebook and Twitter. You can choose to share a message across all of your ?aspects? and share that message publicly via RSS, Twitter or Facebook. The ?Aspects,? which you?ll see in the tabs on top and on the right hand side are labeled, ?Family,? ?Work,? and ?Friends.? If I want to share something across just one of those aspects, I simply click on that aspect and post on that wall and it uploads in near real time. Once I?ve posted a comment I can easily delete or re-share the comment on other aspects.

Creating a profile on Diaspora is a minimal effort. Photo, short bio, birthday and a blank space for gender, so feel free to enter ?Ultrasexual,? if you so choose.  All of Diaspora is pretty minimal at the moment. It?s a simple, nearly skeletal social graph but it looks pretty slick. It has a few bugs to work out, for example a few of my photos/messages wouldn?t post and you can?t add contacts using an iPad as the ?drag to add? doesn?t work, but that?s to be expected. It does seem a little odd that a project that came to be called the ?anti-Facebook,? has chosen to integrate with Facebook. Twitter has also been integrated, although it still has some kinks to work out like how to properly share an image with Twitter.

Watch our video demonstration here:

Yes, it?s only the alpha release, but it seems like the kids have spent three months learning how to program more than anything else. One New York City programmer said, ?Must say? pretty bummed with Diaspora. These kids are cutting their teeth on this project instead of delivering a useful tool.? But as more users join, provide feedback and more people get involved in its open source platform, we (and probably their 6,000 backers) hope they?ll be able to grow into a more robust network, particularly as Facebook grows larger and more Goliath like by the day. So, as we?ve been saying all along, but now with a slightly less expectant breath, best of luck boys.

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Source: http://thenextweb.com/socialmedia/2010/11/25/a-friend-request-from-diaspora-tnw-accepts-heres-our-review/

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Crowdsourcing Jobs to a Worldwide Mobile Workforce

A few years ago, Nathan Eagle had a big idea. What if millions of people in poor countries?people who couldn't find work in their local economies?could become a remote workforce for organizations all over the world? And what if, instead of traveling to do such jobs at call centers or other outsourcing offices in big cities, they could do their work quickly, reliably, and easily through text messages on their mobile phones?

Eagle founded a small startup, Txteagle, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, to put the idea to the test. It has struck deals with mobile-phone carriers around the world to pay workers in credits for mobile airtime. In many places, that's as good as cash.

But while the concept sounds promising, expanding the business has proved difficult. Eagle told Technology Review this summer that his venture is "going to be binary?a huge hit or a spectacular failure."

One big challenge is to find valuable tasks that can be completed through text messages and phone calls. Eagle got the idea for the company after he created a service that let nurses in the coastal Kenyan village of Kilifi send text messages to tell central blood banks how much blood their hospital had on hand, so its supplies could be refilled more efficiently. Simply compensating the nurses for the cost of their text messages turned out to be the key to its success.

He launched Txteagle in Kenya and eventually had 10,000 people doing part-time tasks such as filling out surveys for international agencies, translating text, or collecting address data for business directories. One of his first partners was Nokia, which paid local people to translate mobile-phone menu functions into the 60 languages used in the country. But that task was quickly exhausted.

Now Txteagle needs to form several solid partnerships with multinational corporations that could supply a steady stream of small tasks. Eagle believes one promising idea is to use Txteagle as a market-research tool: workers could be paid to help companies learn what sorts of products would be desired in their rural corners of the world.

Txteagle recently announced a collaboration with the United Nations, which will use the mobile-phone platform to survey up to 500,000 people in 70 countries about their local governance. That brings the number of countries with Txteagle workers up to 80. The U.N.'s goal is to lay the foundation for future disaster-response efforts by learning how well communities and their governments communicate with each other. People who complete the survey will be paid about $1 and reimbursed for the cost of the text message.

For the U.N. initiative, Txteagle is working with the Global Network for Disaster Reduction, a nonprofit organization that influences policy in more than 90 countries. Most nonprofits operate on a relatively small scale, says Terry Gibson, a project manager at GNDR, but Txteagle allows them to reach a significantly larger audience.

Txteagle isn't the only company exploring ways to crowdsource small tasks to people all over the world. In 2005, Amazon launched its Mechanical Turk project, which sets up a way for a large group of distributed workers to participate in jobs like identifying elements in a set of photographs or performing data entry and transcription. A San Francisco-based startup, CrowdFlower, collaborated with nonprofit organizations this year to have people translate and map text messages that were sent from victims of floods in Pakistan and the earthquake in Haiti. Lukas Beiwald, CEO of CrowdFlower, says his company compensates its workers through PayPal and, in some cases, with virtual currency like the money used in Second Life.

The fundamental technology behind Txteagle includes algorithms for quality control, so that people who do consistently accurate work make higher wages. Workers who recruit others are paid small bonuses. To generate revenue, the company takes a tiny fraction of certain paid transactions.

To make real money with this business model, however, Eagle will need millions of workers using the platform. For now, he estimates, about 100,000 people will be using Txteagle to make money by the end of U.N. survey. And he hopes to find enough partners, with enough of the right sort of small tasks, to push those numbers even higher. "We'd like to be the largest knowledge workforce in the world," he says.

Kate Greene and Nathan Eagle are coauthoring Reality Mining: Using Big Data to Engineer a Better World, to be published by MIT Press.

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New Rules Tell Insurers: Spend More On Care

The rules, intended to benefit consumers, vastly expand federal authority to direct the use of premiums collected by companies like Aetna, Humana, UnitedHealth and WellPoint. While some states have had such requirements, Monday?s announcement is the first such mandate by the federal government and grows out of the new national health care law.

?Millions of Americans will get better value for their health insurance premium dollar,? Kathleen Sebelius, the secretary of health and human services, said in issuing the rules.

Ms. Sebelius said the rules would protect nearly 75 million people: 10.6 million with individual policies, 24.2 million with small-group coverage and 40 million covered by large employers.

Starting next year, she said, insurers in the individual and small-group markets must spend at least 80 percent of their premium revenues on medical care and activities to improve the quality of care. Insurers in the large-group market must spend at least 85 percent of premium dollars for those purposes.

Insurers that do not meet the standards next year will have to pay rebates to consumers, starting in 2012. Ms. Sebelius estimated that up to nine million people could get rebates worth up to $1.4 billion. About 45 percent of people with individually purchased insurance are in health plans that do not meet the new standards, known as medical loss ratios, federal officials said.

At a news conference on Monday, administration officials repeatedly refused to respond to Republican attacks on the health care law. Nor would they discuss Republican calls to repeal the law, a centerpiece of President Obama?s domestic agenda.

?We are just trying to implement this regulation,? said Jay Angoff, the rules? chief author. He is director of the Department of Health and Human Services? Office of Consumer Information and Insurance Oversight.

He said most insurers should be able to meet the standards because ?their profitability and reserves are at an all-time high.?

However, state officials said the standards could destabilize insurance markets in some states. Specifically, they said they feared that some carriers would withdraw from the market in some states, resulting in fewer choices and less competition.

Under the rules, federal officials can lower the standard for up to three years in states where ?there is a reasonable likelihood that market destabilization, and thus harm to consumers, will occur.?

Mr. Angoff said that Georgia, Iowa, Maine and South Carolina had asked for such adjustments.

Joshua R. Raskin, a senior analyst at Barclays Capital, an investment bank, said, ?With these rules, the federal government will, for the first time, hold health insurance companies accountable for putting a minimum amount of premiums toward medical expenses.?

The rules allow special treatment for health plans that provide limited benefits at a more affordable price. At least 1.4 million people are enrolled in such ?mini-med? plans, which may cap coverage for one or more benefits at $5,000 or $10,000 a year ? or perhaps $25,000.

Employers offering such coverage had said they might end it because they could not meet the 80 percent standard next year.

Premiums are usually lower for mini-med plans than for regular insurance, and administrative costs may be high because these plans often cover employees with high turnover rates. As a result, administrative costs account for a higher share of premium revenues.

In addition, some consumer groups said mini-med plans had higher profit margins than traditional insurance.

?The administration has made a wise accommodation that will temporarily preserve this coverage, which is very important to many employees in the retail and restaurant industries,? said E. Neil Trautwein, a vice president of the National Retail Federation.

The dispensation for mini-med plans is for one year. The government will collect data on these plans next year and decide how to proceed in 2012 and 2013. ?In 2014, we anticipate that these mini-med policies will disappear and be replaced by more comprehensive health plans,? said Steven B. Larsen, a federal insurance regulator.

The rules generally follow recommendations from the National Association of Insurance Commissioners, which represents state regulators.

However, ?we have a difference of opinion? on one point, said Jane L. Cline, the insurance commissioner of West Virginia and president of the association.

State officials said Mr. Obama should allow states to phase in the requirements over several years, to avoid disruption of the individual or small-group insurance market. The White House said, ?The law allows adjustments of the medical loss ratio for the individual market in a state and does not apply to the small-group market.?

Consumers Union, the American Heart Association and Democratic members of Congress praised the rules.

Representative George Miller, Democrat of California, said the rules showed the folly of efforts to repeal the health care law.

?If Republicans succeed,? Mr. Miller said, ?they will be taking money right out of the pockets of millions of average Americans.?

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XM Canada & Sirius Canada Merge. Huh? What? [TNW Canada]

The move follows longtime speculation about the two combining their operations to save costs and build two audiences into one of about 1.7 million.

The all-stock deal was valued at about $520 million and included $130 million in long-term debt.

?As a combined entity, XM Canada and Sirius Canada will deliver exceptional value to subscribers, and enhance the long-term success of satellite radio in Canada,? John Bitove, chairman of Canadian Satellite Radio, said in a statement.

via CBC News ? Technology & Science ? XM, Sirius to merge in Canada.

Digital Home and CBC News didn?t say what was probably on all our minds (though Engadget did say it)?hold on, they hadn?t already merged? It?s easy to understand the confusion, actually, because the companies have been under one roof in the States since 2008. I think there is a larger question here: Is satellite radio still relevant and viable today?

I gave XM Radio a try some time ago (I even still have the little mini player, headphones and antenna) and thought the content was good, but in the city? Line of sight really killed reception. Even now I don?t listen to CBC Radio OTA most of the time, I listen to it streamed through iTunes, my iPhone or iPad (like the Jazz stream from Radio 2 especially and listen to it almost all the time now). Now in the car, I always have the radio on. I don?t understand why my wife likes to have the radio off to talk ? just odd being in a car means having the radio on to me.

Where does satellite radio fit into this? I don?t pay for radio stations over the air or over the Internet? Are the subscription fees worth it? I think Internet options like Pandora (wish we could get it in Canada again) and Last FM are spelling the end of satellite radio. And if I want custom mixes of songs (granted only Canadian indie bands), I don?t have to go farther than CBC Radio 3.

I must be missing something, because XM-Sirius have 1.7 million subscribers in Canada.

Sound off in the comments?does satellite radio still have a strong future or is something free and internet-based better?

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Source: http://thenextweb.com/ca/2010/11/25/xm-canada-sirius-canada-merge-huh-what/

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