After Shooting, Fresh Look at Protecting Lawmakers

Now, in the aftermath of the Arizona shootings, lawmakers and those responsible for their safety are confronting the issue of how to gauge the risks posed by people they might have shrugged off in the past while maintaining open channels to the public.

?In each district you represent your share of unstable people,? Representative Jack Kingston, Republican of Georgia, said Sunday as he and other House members pulled for the recovery of Representative Gabrielle Giffords and struggled with how to respond to the shootings. ?Now you are aware that they do show up at your town hall meetings and maybe they are not all harmless.?

While representatives of the United States Capitol Police and the office of the House sergeant-at-arms told lawmakers that the attack on Ms. Giffords was not part of a wider threat, they are urging them to review their security arrangements, make contact with local law enforcement officials and name a staff member as liaison with law enforcement.

On Wednesday, the Capitol security agencies are to join the F.B.I. in conducting a joint security briefing for Republicans and Democrats, who acknowledge new worries about their safety ? and that of their families and staff members.

?It obviously shook all of us,? said Representative Jason Chaffetz, Republican of Utah, who said the shootings might make him more likely to carry his gun, as he is legally allowed to do in Utah. ?It hits close to home.?

Lawmakers also live the most public of lives and, like Ms. Giffords, heavily promote their local events to encourage people to attend. They say that they cannot retreat behind police escorts and security barriers.

?I know that I am considered to be a bit more confrontational and outspoken,? said Representative Maxine Waters, Democrat of California, ?and I?ve lived with that all of my life, that my political philosophy and my willingness to speak up and speak out kind of creates risk and some danger. I accept that as part of my job.?

Though the attack in Arizona went far beyond confrontations lawmakers had at town hall-style meetings in the summer of 2009 and other recent clashes with the public, the common perception among Congressional veterans is that the current political climate is as bad as they can recall.

?I don?t think I have seen a period of time when there was more anger and incivility manifested than in the last two years,? said Representative Steny H. Hoyer of Maryland, the No. 2 Democrat in the House and a veteran of more than 40 years in government.

Whether threats have measurably increased is difficult to gauge because the Capitol Police, the primary agency for protecting lawmakers, declined to answer questions about the volume of incidents.

?We do investigate threats against members of Congress and, when necessary, work with other law enforcement agencies at the federal, state and local levels,? Sgt. Kimberly Schneider said in an e-mail to The New York Times. ?The statistics that we maintain internally for threat-assessment purposes are not shared for security reasons.?

Last year, charges were filed against a man accused of threatening to kill Senator Patty Murray, Democrat of Washington, over her support of the health care law, and another man was arrested for making threatening and harassing phone calls to Nancy Pelosi, then the speaker of the House, over the same piece of legislation. The Tucson office of Ms. Giffords was among those vandalized during the health care fight.

An official with the F.B.I. said the Capitol Police occasionally referred information about threats to the bureau when they had particular elements that made them seem ?actionable.? Often, it involves ambiguous remarks or a tone in a communication to a lawmaker?s office that can be read as threatening.

F.B.I. investigators try to determine whether the sender intended for it to be read that way and whether there is anything else in his or her background that would elevate concerns. ?We take everything seriously,? the official said. ?If something comes to our attention, we?re going to resolve it one way or the other.?

After the shootings, lawmakers said some security improvements might need to be made, from working more closely with the local police when holding public meetings or, in an idea raised by Mr. Chaffetz, perhaps giving the United States Marshals Service some role in Congressional protection.

Representative Lloyd Doggett, a Texas Democrat who had a unruly health care town meeting in Austin in the summer of 2009, said he had found that the presence of a local police officer at a public event often helped keep people under control. ?We just cannot let this stop what is at the heart of being a representative,? he said about the shootings.

With 535 members of Congress, the costs of individual protection are considered prohibitive, and many lawmakers say they would not want a strong police presence anyway.

Representative Robert A. Brady, Democrat of Pennsylvania, said Sunday that he intended to introduce legislation that would extend to members of Congress the federal law criminalizing threats to the president. ?If people engage in this, they need to know that it is criminal and it?s going to be a criminal offense,? he said.

Other lawmakers said members of Congress needed to be prudent in their security arrangements but be careful to not go too far.

?You?re not a kamikaze pilot, but you can?t be hiding under the desk or putting on a disguise every time you go out, especially when you?re meeting the public,? said Representative Bill Pascrell Jr., Democrat of New Jersey. ?And my job is meeting the public.?

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Suspect in Ariz. Shooting Faces Charges in Federal Court

?Yes, I am Jared Lee Loughner,? he told Magistrate Judge Lawrence O. Anderson, staring blankly in front of him, with his lawyer, Judy Clarke, a veteran public defender, at his side. The defendant, a 22-year-old college dropout, was wide-eyed and had a wound to his right temple. At the defense table, his eyes darted back and forth and his mouth curled up at one point into a quick smile.

Ms. Clarke, who handled the cases of Theodore J. Kaczynski, who was convicted in the Unabomber attacks, and Zacarias Moussaoui, the Al Qaeda operative, signaled that she intends to push for the case to be moved out of Arizona since one of the victims that her client is accused of killing was John M. Roll, a United States District Court Judge in Tucson. Already, all the federal judges in Tucson have recused themselves from the case. With some of Judge Roll?s friends and colleagues looking on in the courtroom, Ms. Clarke said she has ?great concern? about any Arizona judges or prosecutors handling the case.

Mr. Laughner faces two federal murder charges and three attempted murder charges in an attack that prosecutors was described as an attempt to assassinate Representative Gabrielle Giffords, Democrat of Arizona, who was struck in the head by a single bullet but remains alive.

Mr. Laughner agreed not to challenge his continued detention without bail after Wallace H. Kleindienst, a federal prosecutor, labeled him a danger and a flight risk. That prompted the magistrate to quickly rule, based on the serious charges against Mr. Laughner, that he is ?a danger to the community? and ought to be held without bail.

?Good luck to you, Mr. Laughner,? Mr. Anderson said as the defendant, who could face the death penalty if convicted, received a pat on the back by Ms. Clarke and was led away by security officers.

Ms. Giffords remained in critical condition on Monday after surviving, a single gunshot to the head fired at point-blank range. Doctors said they were increasingly optimistic because Ms. Giffords continued to be able to follow simple commands and there had been no additional swelling in her brain. Dr. G. Michael Lemole, chief of neurosurgery at University Medical Center at the University of Arizona, cautioned that swelling in cases like this could last days.

?At this stage in the game, no change is good,? Dr. Lemole said.

Doctors removed nearly half of Ms. Giffords? skull to prevent damage to her brain caused by swelling from the wound. While Ms. Giffords has remained under sedation, hospital officials corrected earlier statements that she had been placed in a medically induced coma.

An outpouring of grief has been on display around the country since the attack on Saturday. At the start of the state Legislature?s session on Monday, Gov. Jan Brewer of Arizona decided to scrap the traditional annual address laying out her legislative agenda to instead honor the dead and call upon people across the state to pray.

?Arizona is in pain, yes,? she said. ?Our grief is profound. We are yet in the first hours of our sorrow, bu we have not been brought down. We will never be brought down.?

Even before the court appearance, the prosecutor in Pima County, where the rampage took place, vowed to pursue additional state murder charges against him as well.

Besides the judge, congresswoman and three congressional aides wounded in the shooting, four bystanders were also killed and 11 others were injured, prompting Barbara LaWall, the Pima County attorney, to vow that she would ?definitely pursue charges on behalf of the non-federal victims.?

County lawyers were still researching whether state and federal cases could proceed concurrently or whether her office would wait until federal prosecutors had finished their case. The state has no deadline, she said, to bring the matter before a grand jury because Mr. Loughner is in federal not state custody.

?This is not just a professional matter for me but a personal one since I knew many of these victims,? Ms. LaWall said.

In Washington Monday, President Obama stood somberly with his wife, their heads bowed, overlooking the South Lawn of the White House at 11 a.m. Eastern time, as a single bell tolled to honor the wounded and the dead. On the steps of the East Front of the Capitol, hundreds of Congressional aides gathered to mark the moment. Staff members attended an interfaith memorial service in the Cannon House office building, organized by the Congressional Jewish Staffers Association and the House and Senate chaplains. On the ground floor of the Cannon Rotunda, a table was set up with a book of condolences and a book of well wishes for people to sign and send messages to the wounded and the families of those killed. Later at the White House, Mr. Obama said that the families of the shooting victims, and the nation as a whole, were still coming to grips with what happened and sorting out the lessons to be drawn, both heartbreaking and uplifting.

Reporting for the Arizona shooting coverage was contributed by David M. Herszenhorn, Emmarie Huetteman, Janie Lorber, Thom Shanker, Michael D. Shear and Ashley Southall from Washington; Jo Becker, Lisa M. Button, Ford Burkhart, Renee Schafer Horton, Devlin Houser, Ron Nixon, Nancy Sharkey, Anissa Tanweer and Roxana Vasquez from Tucson; Joe Sharkey from Sierra Vista, Ariz.; Joseph Berger, Catrin Einhorn, Anahad O?Connor, Sharon Otterman, Mosi Secret, Sarah Wheaton and Kate Zernike from New York; and Kitty Bennett from St. Petersburg, Fla.

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Can Corsair Succeed Where Nvidia failed?

Anyone remember ESA? Nvidia's attempt at making the PC platform its own with the 'Enthusiast Systems Architecture' software? The idea was to get other manufacturers to include little chips in their hardware that enabled them to talk to Nvidia's motherboards. Nvidia's ESA software would then report all the readouts: voltages, temperatures, speeds and so in a single, central interface.

The problem? Other companies (mostly motherboard makers) already had their own software, and they were (and still are) key features with which to differentiate and sell their products. They already did most of the same tasks, such as temperature and voltage monitoring, as well as overclocking, even if they lacked the fancy 3D interface.

Despite its noble ideals, ESA was never really accepted and it died as quickly as it arrived.

Roll on three years and Corsair is trying the same trick with its new Corsair Link software. The difference is that Corsair isn't trying to drum up support from other companies, as it already builds many different products. Instead, Corsair Link is the company's selling point for its own hardware range, which has considerably diversified in the last 12 months.

In case you didn't realise quite the scope of Corsair's products, it now makes speakers, headphones, PSUs, PC cases, heatsinks (both air-cooling and closed-loop water-cooling), SSDs, flash drives and memory. In fact, you would only need a Corsair graphics card, sound card and motherboard in order to make an entirely Corsair PC. I bet its Pokemon set was unbeatable in school.


As you would expect, all those components can throw out a lot of useful stats for enthusiasts who like to know (okay, often obsess about) what's going on, so tying all that together under one software roof makes Corsair Link a potentially very powerful tool.

It could well work too, because the technology isn't competing with that of other companies - cases, PSUs and memory don't come with monitoring software, although they can be read remotely by the motherboard through its own software.

However, the ways in which Corsair Link differs from the software included with motherboards remains to be seen: does the company have (or plan to have) ESA-style monitoring chips in its cases, PSUs and memory? We'll have to wait and see.

Corsair is busy making a platform for itself, and given its brand strength I can really see it working. But I'm worried; will this help kill competition by pushing the PC more towards being a closed platform?

It's unfortunate that Nvidia's ESA wasn't taken up, as it potentially offered an open standard across the industry to give a greater level of monitoring and control for customers, no matter what hardware you bought. However, with every company wanting to stamp its own brand, design and influence on everything it makes, it was bound to fail. Corsair trying to entice you to buy other Corsair components via technological treats is a different matter, though.

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Can Corsair Succeed Where Nvidia failed?

Anyone remember ESA? Nvidia's attempt at making the PC platform its own with the 'Enthusiast Systems Architecture' software? The idea was to get other manufacturers to include little chips in their hardware that enabled them to talk to Nvidia's motherboards. Nvidia's ESA software would then report all the readouts: voltages, temperatures, speeds and so in a single, central interface.

The problem? Other companies (mostly motherboard makers) already had their own software, and they were (and still are) key features with which to differentiate and sell their products. They already did most of the same tasks, such as temperature and voltage monitoring, as well as overclocking, even if they lacked the fancy 3D interface.

Despite its noble ideals, ESA was never really accepted and it died as quickly as it arrived.

Roll on three years and Corsair is trying the same trick with its new Corsair Link software. The difference is that Corsair isn't trying to drum up support from other companies, as it already builds many different products. Instead, Corsair Link is the company's selling point for its own hardware range, which has considerably diversified in the last 12 months.

In case you didn't realise quite the scope of Corsair's products, it now makes speakers, headphones, PSUs, PC cases, heatsinks (both air-cooling and closed-loop water-cooling), SSDs, flash drives and memory. In fact, you would only need a Corsair graphics card, sound card and motherboard in order to make an entirely Corsair PC. I bet its Pokemon set was unbeatable in school.


As you would expect, all those components can throw out a lot of useful stats for enthusiasts who like to know (okay, often obsess about) what's going on, so tying all that together under one software roof makes Corsair Link a potentially very powerful tool.

It could well work too, because the technology isn't competing with that of other companies - cases, PSUs and memory don't come with monitoring software, although they can be read remotely by the motherboard through its own software.

However, the ways in which Corsair Link differs from the software included with motherboards remains to be seen: does the company have (or plan to have) ESA-style monitoring chips in its cases, PSUs and memory? We'll have to wait and see.

Corsair is busy making a platform for itself, and given its brand strength I can really see it working. But I'm worried; will this help kill competition by pushing the PC more towards being a closed platform?

It's unfortunate that Nvidia's ESA wasn't taken up, as it potentially offered an open standard across the industry to give a greater level of monitoring and control for customers, no matter what hardware you bought. However, with every company wanting to stamp its own brand, design and influence on everything it makes, it was bound to fail. Corsair trying to entice you to buy other Corsair components via technological treats is a different matter, though.

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iPhone Review: Bad Company 2

They say they devil is in the details, in which case you should imagine Bad Company 2 for the iPhone as having red skin, horns, a trident tail and breath that smells worse than wet, rotten garlic. What really kills Bad Company 2 is the lack of fine polish ? and that, sadly, makes a huge difference to the overall experience.

This is a shame, because Bad Company 2 initially looks good. It has a lengthy singleplayer campaign, which slots neatly into the story of the full, proper Bad Company 2, plus a four-player multiplayer mode that?s supported over WiFi and 3G. The graphics are lush, and it packs in plenty of variety too, despite a disappointing tendency to resort to turret sequences.

The multiplayer is especially impressive, in fact. While five levels and support for four players might not sound like a lot, it?s actually a perfectly judged limitation for a mobile phone game. If you want to sit down and invest yourself in lengthy tournaments and huge clan matches, then you're better off going back to the full version of the game. The iPhone version is much more suited to drop-in, drop-out games that keep you occupied while you?re patiently enduring whatever dross happens to be on TV.


Unfortunately, midway through enjoying these delights, the devil tends to rear his ugly head. There are numerous tiny niggles, such as performance problems on anything less than a full-spec iPhone, and a few crashes to the home screen too.

Worst of all, however, is the way the level design frequently infringes on the game itself, with players constantly getting caught in corners or bumping straight into the walls due to occasionally unresponsive controls. It?s never enough to ruin the game, not at first, but it's a constant irritation and the only saving grace is that the game is balanced so that, on medium difficulty, it?s actually quite hard to die.

While it?s impressive that so much detail and depth has been brought to the iPhone version, with melee attacks, iron sights and secondary fire options putting Bad Company 2 a step above most iPhone shooters, it?s still a shame that some basic features are lacking. There?s no Game Centre support, for example, while the three different control configs are only titled A, B and C, meaning you have to spend time trying each in turn if you want to see how they work.


On the whole, Bad Company 2 remains an interesting and enjoyable addition to the app store, but it?s mainly because of the quantity that?s on offer, rather than the quality of the experience. A few performance tweaks and some further level optimisation is all that would be needed to elevate Bad Company 2 on the iPhone to Recommended status. Lacking them, however, means it?s stuck at being merely average.

Verdict: Fun and lengthy, Bad Company 2 is wounded by a few design oversights and missing features. Still, it?s definitely worth picking up if you?re itching for some mobile violence.

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Microsoft?s consortium will not buy $450 million of Novell patents

Microsoft?s consortium will not buy $450 million of Novell patents

If you can remember all the way back to the 16th of December, you must recall a very interesting story that broke about a Microsoft led consortium that was out to buy $450 million in Novell patents.

Novell is being acquired by Attachmate, but its patent portfolio was supposed to head elsewhere under the terms of the deal.

CPTN Holding, the group led by Microsoft that included Apple, EMC and Oracle, was supposed to pick up over 800 patents for a cool half billion dollars. We marveled at the seemingly odd ability of such a diverse group of often opposed technology companies to work together.

However, news has come forth today that the deal is off. CPTN  Holdings never even had a chance. The news that the great patent purchase has been permanently postponed has put quite a feather in the cap of open-source advocates who viewed the deal as something of a disaster in the making.

Microsoft has a history of using patents to fend off free software from, in the eyes of advocates, having a real chance in the marketplace. With so many new patents, the reasoning went, attacks from Redmond would indeed become even more unbearable. No more, with the deal off it should be a night of celebration among the many communities of free software devotees.

According to 9To5Mac, ?it is thought Novell?s $450 million patent portfolio remains for sale.? We have reached out to Microsoft and are awaiting comment.

Update: Microsoft just sent us the following comment: ?This is a purely procedural step necessary to provide time to allow for review of the proposed transaction.? We are following up on just what that means.

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Evidence Points to Methodical Planning

Evidence seized from Mr. Loughner?s home, about five miles from the shooting, indicated that he had planned to kill Representative Gabrielle Giffords, Democrat of Arizona, according to documents filed in Federal District Court in Phoenix.

Special Agent Tony M. Taylor Jr. of the F.B.I. said in an affidavit that an envelope found in a safe in the home bore these handwritten words: ?I planned ahead,? ?My assassination? and ?Giffords.?

Mr. Loughner, who is believed to have acted alone, is in federal custody and is scheduled to make his first court appearance before a magistrate judge in Phoenix on Monday.

Ms. Giffords was in critical condition after surviving, against the odds, a single gunshot wound to the head at point-blank range. Her doctors were cautiously optimistic that she would survive, and said on Sunday that they had removed nearly half of her skull to prevent damage from the swelling of her brain.

An outpouring of grief was on display all over Tucson, where friends of the many victims joined complete strangers in lighting candles and offering tear-filled prayers. From the back of the temple Ms. Giffords attends, Naomi Present, the distraught daughter of a rabbi, cried out on Sunday morning, ?Why, why, why, why??

Many across America were asking the same thing, and the state found itself on the defensive, with its top lawmakers asserting that Arizona was not a hothouse of ugly rhetoric. President Obama called on Americans to observe a moment of silence at 11 a.m. Monday in honor of the wounded and dead.

Robert S. Mueller III, the director of the F.B.I., traveled to Tucson to oversee the shooting investigation at Mr. Obama?s request. He said an intensive investigation was seeking to determine ?why someone would commit such a heinous act and whether anyone else was involved.? Mr. Mueller added that discussions were under way to increase security for all members of Congress.

Capitol security agencies are planning to join the F.B.I. on Wednesday in a security briefing for members of Congress. Already, the United States Marshals Service has increased protection for federal judges in Arizona.

Investigators here focused their attention on Mr. Loughner, whom they accused of methodically planning the shootings, which occurred outside a supermarket. The court documents said Mr. Loughner bought the semiautomatic Glock pistol used in the shooting at Sportsman?s Warehouse, which sells hunting and fishing gear, on Nov. 30 in Tucson.

The gun was legally purchased, officials said, prompting criticism of the state?s gun laws, which allow the carrying of concealed weapons. Sheriff Clarence W. Dupnik of Pima County, a critic of what he calls loose gun restrictions, bluntly labeled Arizona ?Tombstone.?

The documents also indicated that the suspect had previous contact with the congresswoman. Also found in the safe at Mr. Loughner?s home was a letter from Ms. Giffords thanking him for attending a 2007 ?Congress on Your Corner? event, like the one she was holding Saturday morning when she was shot.

Along with being accused of trying to kill Ms. Giffords, Mr. Loughner was charged with the killing and attempted killing of four government employees: John M. Roll, the chief federal judge in Arizona, who was killed; Gabriel Zimmerman, a Congressional aide, who was also killed; and Pamela Simon and Ron Barber, aides who were wounded. Mr. Loughner could face the death penalty if convicted.

The indictment against Mr. Loughner indicated that the authorities had surveillance video, which was not released, that captured events outside the supermarket. Outside lawyers said the footage would probably be saved for court. The authorities did release 911 tapes of the minutes after the shooting, at 10:11 a.m. Saturday, in which caller after caller, many out of breath, dialed in to report shots fired, many shots, and people falling, too many to count.

Mr. Mueller said additional state charges might be filed, and he did not rule out the filing of terrorism charges.

Mr. Loughner has refused to cooperate with investigators and has invoked his Fifth Amendment rights, the Pima County sheriff?s office said.

Judy Clarke, a federal public defender who has handled major cases, has been appointed to represent Mr. Loughner, CNN reported. Ms. Clarke has defended Theodore J. Kaczynski, who was convicted in the Unabomber attacks, and Zacarias Moussaoui, the Qaeda operative.

Reporting for the Arizona shooting coverage was contributed by David M. Herszenhorn, Emmarie Huetteman, Janie Lorber, Thom Shanker, Michael D. Shear and Ashley Southall from Washington; Jo Becker, Lisa M. Button, Ford Burkhart, Renee Schafer Horton, Devlin Houser, Ron Nixon, Nancy Sharkey, Anissa Tanweer and Roxana Vasquez from Tucson; Joe Sharkey from Sierra Vista, Ariz.; Catrin Einhorn, J. David Goodman, Anahad O?Connor, Sharon Otterman, Mosi Secret, Sarah Wheaton and Kate Zernike from New York; and Kitty Bennett from St. Petersburg, Fla.

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Suspect in Ariz. Shooting Faces Charges in Federal Court

?Yes, I am Jared Lee Loughner,? he told Magistrate Judge Lawrence O. Anderson, staring blankly in front of him, with his lawyer, Judy Clarke, a veteran public defender, at his side. The defendant, a 22-year-old college dropout, was wide-eyed and had a wound to his right temple. At the defense table, his eyes darted back and forth and his mouth curled up at one point into a quick smile.

Ms. Clarke, who handled the cases of Theodore J. Kaczynski, who was convicted in the Unabomber attacks, and Zacarias Moussaoui, the Al Qaeda operative, signaled that she intends to push for the case to be moved out of Arizona since one of the victims that her client is accused of killing was John M. Roll, a United States District Court Judge in Tucson. Already, all the federal judges in Tucson have recused themselves from the case. With some of Judge Roll?s friends and colleagues looking on in the courtroom, Ms. Clarke said she has ?great concern? about any Arizona judges or prosecutors handling the case.

Mr. Laughner faces two federal murder charges and three attempted murder charges in an attack that prosecutors was described as an attempt to assassinate Representative Gabrielle Giffords, Democrat of Arizona, who was struck in the head by a single bullet but remains alive.

Mr. Laughner agreed not to challenge his continued detention without bail after Wallace H. Kleindienst, a federal prosecutor, labeled him a danger and a flight risk. That prompted the magistrate to quickly rule, based on the serious charges against Mr. Laughner, that he is ?a danger to the community? and ought to be held without bail.

?Good luck to you, Mr. Laughner,? Mr. Anderson said as the defendant, who could face the death penalty if convicted, received a pat on the back by Ms. Clarke and was led away by security officers.

Ms. Giffords remained in critical condition on Monday after surviving, a single gunshot to the head fired at point-blank range. Doctors said they were increasingly optimistic because Ms. Giffords continued to be able to follow simple commands and there had been no additional swelling in her brain. Dr. G. Michael Lemole, chief of neurosurgery at University Medical Center at the University of Arizona, cautioned that swelling in cases like this could last days.

?At this stage in the game, no change is good,? Dr. Lemole said.

Doctors removed nearly half of Ms. Giffords? skull to prevent damage to her brain caused by swelling from the wound. While Ms. Giffords has remained under sedation, hospital officials corrected earlier statements that she had been placed in a medically induced coma.

An outpouring of grief has been on display around the country since the attack on Saturday. At the start of the state Legislature?s session on Monday, Gov. Jan Brewer of Arizona decided to scrap the traditional annual address laying out her legislative agenda to instead honor the dead and call upon people across the state to pray.

?Arizona is in pain, yes,? she said. ?Our grief is profound. We are yet in the first hours of our sorrow, bu we have not been brought down. We will never be brought down.?

Even before the court appearance, the prosecutor in Pima County, where the rampage took place, vowed to pursue additional state murder charges against him as well.

Besides the judge, congresswoman and three congressional aides wounded in the shooting, four bystanders were also killed and 11 others were injured, prompting Barbara LaWall, the Pima County attorney, to vow that she would ?definitely pursue charges on behalf of the non-federal victims.?

County lawyers were still researching whether state and federal cases could proceed concurrently or whether her office would wait until federal prosecutors had finished their case. The state has no deadline, she said, to bring the matter before a grand jury because Mr. Loughner is in federal not state custody.

?This is not just a professional matter for me but a personal one since I knew many of these victims,? Ms. LaWall said.

In Washington Monday, President Obama stood somberly with his wife, their heads bowed, overlooking the South Lawn of the White House at 11 a.m. Eastern time, as a single bell tolled to honor the wounded and the dead. On the steps of the East Front of the Capitol, hundreds of Congressional aides gathered to mark the moment. Staff members attended an interfaith memorial service in the Cannon House office building, organized by the Congressional Jewish Staffers Association and the House and Senate chaplains. On the ground floor of the Cannon Rotunda, a table was set up with a book of condolences and a book of well wishes for people to sign and send messages to the wounded and the families of those killed. Later at the White House, Mr. Obama said that the families of the shooting victims, and the nation as a whole, were still coming to grips with what happened and sorting out the lessons to be drawn, both heartbreaking and uplifting.

Reporting for the Arizona shooting coverage was contributed by David M. Herszenhorn, Emmarie Huetteman, Janie Lorber, Thom Shanker, Michael D. Shear and Ashley Southall from Washington; Jo Becker, Lisa M. Button, Ford Burkhart, Renee Schafer Horton, Devlin Houser, Ron Nixon, Nancy Sharkey, Anissa Tanweer and Roxana Vasquez from Tucson; Joe Sharkey from Sierra Vista, Ariz.; Joseph Berger, Catrin Einhorn, Anahad O?Connor, Sharon Otterman, Mosi Secret, Sarah Wheaton and Kate Zernike from New York; and Kitty Bennett from St. Petersburg, Fla.

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Suspect in Ariz. Shooting Faces Charges in Federal Court

?Yes, I am Jared Lee Loughner,? he told Magistrate Judge Lawrence O. Anderson, staring blankly in front of him, with his lawyer, Judy Clarke, a veteran public defender, at his side. The defendant, a 22-year-old college dropout, was wide-eyed and had a wound to his right temple. At the defense table, his eyes darted back and forth and his mouth curled up at one point into a quick smile.

Ms. Clarke, who handled the cases of Theodore J. Kaczynski, who was convicted in the Unabomber attacks, and Zacarias Moussaoui, the Al Qaeda operative, signaled that she intends to push for the case to be moved out of Arizona since one of the victims that her client is accused of killing was John M. Roll, a United States District Court Judge in Tucson. Already, all the federal judges in Tucson have recused themselves from the case. With some of Judge Roll?s friends and colleagues looking on in the courtroom, Ms. Clarke said she has ?great concern? about any Arizona judges or prosecutors handling the case.

Mr. Laughner faces two federal murder charges and three attempted murder charges in an attack that prosecutors was described as an attempt to assassinate Representative Gabrielle Giffords, Democrat of Arizona, who was struck in the head by a single bullet but remains alive.

Mr. Laughner agreed not to challenge his continued detention without bail after Wallace H. Kleindienst, a federal prosecutor, labeled him a danger and a flight risk. That prompted the magistrate to quickly rule, based on the serious charges against Mr. Laughner, that he is ?a danger to the community? and ought to be held without bail.

?Good luck to you, Mr. Laughner,? Mr. Anderson said as the defendant, who could face the death penalty if convicted, received a pat on the back by Ms. Clarke and was led away by security officers.

Ms. Giffords remained in critical condition on Monday after surviving, a single gunshot to the head fired at point-blank range. Doctors said they were increasingly optimistic because Ms. Giffords continued to be able to follow simple commands and there had been no additional swelling in her brain. Dr. G. Michael Lemole, chief of neurosurgery at University Medical Center at the University of Arizona, cautioned that swelling in cases like this could last days.

?At this stage in the game, no change is good,? Dr. Lemole said.

Doctors removed nearly half of Ms. Giffords? skull to prevent damage to her brain caused by swelling from the wound. While Ms. Giffords has remained under sedation, hospital officials corrected earlier statements that she had been placed in a medically induced coma.

An outpouring of grief has been on display around the country since the attack on Saturday. At the start of the state Legislature?s session on Monday, Gov. Jan Brewer of Arizona decided to scrap the traditional annual address laying out her legislative agenda to instead honor the dead and call upon people across the state to pray.

?Arizona is in pain, yes,? she said. ?Our grief is profound. We are yet in the first hours of our sorrow, bu we have not been brought down. We will never be brought down.?

Even before the court appearance, the prosecutor in Pima County, where the rampage took place, vowed to pursue additional state murder charges against him as well.

Besides the judge, congresswoman and three congressional aides wounded in the shooting, four bystanders were also killed and 11 others were injured, prompting Barbara LaWall, the Pima County attorney, to vow that she would ?definitely pursue charges on behalf of the non-federal victims.?

County lawyers were still researching whether state and federal cases could proceed concurrently or whether her office would wait until federal prosecutors had finished their case. The state has no deadline, she said, to bring the matter before a grand jury because Mr. Loughner is in federal not state custody.

?This is not just a professional matter for me but a personal one since I knew many of these victims,? Ms. LaWall said.

In Washington Monday, President Obama stood somberly with his wife, their heads bowed, overlooking the South Lawn of the White House at 11 a.m. Eastern time, as a single bell tolled to honor the wounded and the dead. On the steps of the East Front of the Capitol, hundreds of Congressional aides gathered to mark the moment. Staff members attended an interfaith memorial service in the Cannon House office building, organized by the Congressional Jewish Staffers Association and the House and Senate chaplains. On the ground floor of the Cannon Rotunda, a table was set up with a book of condolences and a book of well wishes for people to sign and send messages to the wounded and the families of those killed. Later at the White House, Mr. Obama said that the families of the shooting victims, and the nation as a whole, were still coming to grips with what happened and sorting out the lessons to be drawn, both heartbreaking and uplifting.

Reporting for the Arizona shooting coverage was contributed by David M. Herszenhorn, Emmarie Huetteman, Janie Lorber, Thom Shanker, Michael D. Shear and Ashley Southall from Washington; Jo Becker, Lisa M. Button, Ford Burkhart, Renee Schafer Horton, Devlin Houser, Ron Nixon, Nancy Sharkey, Anissa Tanweer and Roxana Vasquez from Tucson; Joe Sharkey from Sierra Vista, Ariz.; Joseph Berger, Catrin Einhorn, Anahad O?Connor, Sharon Otterman, Mosi Secret, Sarah Wheaton and Kate Zernike from New York; and Kitty Bennett from St. Petersburg, Fla.

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